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– degree of psychological or intellectual profundity1
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– the attribute or quality of being deep, strong, or intense1
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– the extent downward or backward or inward1
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– the intellectual ability to penetrate deeply into ideas1
the depth
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– the intellectual ability to penetrate deeply into ideas1
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Initially the unconscious was conceived in structural terms with much attention to the content, especially symbolic meanings; in the contemporary world this notion has been expanded to include the study of processes which operate outside conscious awareness. In general these psychologies see the human being as often divided against him or herself, with some thoughts, feelings, wishes, and memories accessible to awareness, and others hidden beneath the surface. By focusing on the unconscious, C. G.Jung, Sigmund Freud, and their followers worked to chart and delineate what lies outside of conscious awareness, and to illumine the dynamics between consciousness and what is extruded or not admitted to it, including collective aspects with cultural and archetypal dimensions.
What Depth Psychology Is
Through the study of dreams, images, symptoms, slips of the tongue, spontaneous humor, meaningful coincidences as well as interpersonal engagements, depth psychologists attempt to understand the language and the dynamics of the unconscious as it manifests in their work with clients and in the world. Depth psychological approaches to psychological suffering attempt to help individuals become aware of what has been cast out of consciousness or not yet able to be known. Healing is associated with allowing what has been repressed, rejected, denied or ignored to come forward so that the person can understand, explore its significance and integrate it, allowing for a transformation in consciousness. Depth Psychology also attends to the way unconscious processes express themselves in society and culture, and how culture affects the psyche.
Depth Psychology is an interdisciplinary endeavor, drawing on literature, philosophy, mythology, the arts, and critical studies. Concepts and practices at the core of depth psychology are central to Pacifica’s degree programs and each graduate degree’s curriculum is enlivened and deepened by the integration of its ideas.
“Depth psychologists…love to look for signs that ‘psyche’ is speaking to us, and one way we hear her voice is through the presence of synchronicities.”
“…this long marriage between myself and depth psychology has been possible because I found in depth psychology a basic orientation to being that seeks to allow what is to be present in its animation and its difference. It is a desire for the liberation of being.”
Efficacy of Depth Psychology
Evidence for the efficacy of depth psychological approaches to psychotherapy is growing as studies show that depth psychology has a longer-lasting and more profound impact than cognitive or behavioral psychologies alone. Depth psychological approaches to psychotherapy are now joined by depth psychological approaches to community, cultural, and ecological issues. Pacifica students and graduates help the field evolve through their scholarship, creative work, and actions in the world.
Contemporary Evidence-Based Research for Depth Psychology
The following list is of some selected, peer reviewed scholarly articles and summaries from the mainstream media (e.g., New York Times, the Guardian). This is offered in the spirit of supporting diversity through contemporary research validating the noble traditions of depth psychology. It highlights the clinical and scholarly affirmation of depth psychological approaches that attend to unconscious processes, relational aspects of treatment, psychic complexity, and embodied experiences.
Abbass, A. A., Hancock, J. T., Henderson, J., & Kisely, S. R. (2006). Short-term psychodynamic psychotherapies for common mental disorders. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Retrieved from http://www.cochrane.org/CD004687/DEPRESSN_short-term-psychodynamic-psychotherapies-for-common-mental-disorders
American Psychological Association. (2013). Recognition of psychotherapy effectiveness. Psychotherapy, 50(1), 102–109. Available at: http://www.apa.org/about/policy/resolution-psychotherapy.aspx
Anton, B. (2015, October 14). Talk Therapy Works. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/14/opinion/talk-therapy-works.html
Burkeman, O. (2016, January 7). Therapy wars: The revenge of Freud. The Guardian. Retrieved from http://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/jan/07/therapy-wars-revenge-of-freud-cognitive-behavioural-therapy?CMP=share_btn_link
Chiesa, M. (2010). Research and psychoanalysis: Still time to bridge the great divide? Psychoanalytic Psychology, 27(2), 99–114. http://doi.org/10.1037/a0019413
Cohler, B. J., & Galatzer-Levy, R. (2007). What kind of science is psychoanalysis? Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 27(5), 547–582. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/247527419_What_Kind_of_Science_Is_Psychoanalysis
Cornelius, J. T. (2014, Oct. 7th). The Case for Psychoanalysis (Version 4). Retrieved from https://youtu.be/IQBx5TONHac
Evidence base of psychoanalytic psychotherapy. Institute of Psychoanalysis. Retrieved from http://psychoanalysis.org.uk/resources/evidence-base-of-psychoanalytic-psychotherapy.
Fonagy, P., Rost, F., Carlyle, J., McPherson, S., Thomas, R., Pasco Fearon, R. M., … Taylor, D. (2015). Pragmatic randomized controlled trial of long-term psychoanalytic psychotherapy for treatment-resistant depression: the Tavistock Adult Depression Study (TADS). World Psychiatry, 14 (3), 312–321.
Gaskin, Cadeyrn (2014). The effectiveness of psychoanalysis and psychoanalytic psychotherapy: A literature review of recent international and Australian research. PACFA. Retrieved from http://www.pacfa.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/Psychoanalytic-Review-V2-Ready-to-design-Final.pdf.
Gerber, A. J., Kocsis, J. H., Milrod, B. L., Roose, S. P., Barber, J. P., Thase, M. E., … Leon, A. C. (2011). A quality-based review of randomized controlled trials of psychodynamic psychotherapy. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 168(1), 19–28. Available from: http://academiccommons.columbia.edu/download/fedora_content/download/ac:145066/CONTENT/appi.ajp.2010.08060843.pdf
Keller, W., Westhoff, G., Dilg, R., Rohner, R., & Studt, H. H. (2002). Efficacy and cost effectiveness aspects of outpatient (Jungian) psychoanalysis and psychotherapy–A catamnestic study. In M. Leuzinger-Bohleber, M. Target, M. (Ed) Leuzinger-Bohleber, & M. (Ed) Target (Eds.), Outcomes of psychoanalytic treatment: Perspectives for therapists and researchers. (pp. 186–197). Philadelphia, PA: Whurr Publishers.
Lazar, S. G. (2010). Psychotherapy is worth it: A comprehensive review of its cost-effectiveness. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publications.
Leichsenring, F., Leweke, F., Klein, S., & Steinert, C. (2015). The empirical status of psychodynamic psychotherapy—An update: Bambi’s alive and kicking. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 84(3), 129–148. Available from: http://www.eegym.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Leichsenring2015ESTreview.pdf
Leichsenring, F., & Klein, S. (2014). Evidence for psychodynamic psychotherapy in specific mental disorders: A systematic review. Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy, 28(1), 4–32. http://doi.org/10.1080/02668734.2013.865428
Leichsenring, F., & Leibing, E. (2007). Psychodynamic psychotherapy: A systematic review of techniques, indications and empirical evidence. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 80(2), 217–228. http://doi.org/10.1348/147608306X117394
Levy, R. A., Ablon, J. S., & Kächele, H. (2012). Psychodynamic psychotherapy research: Evidence-based practice and practice-based evidence. New York, NY: Humana press.
McGowan, K. (2014, April). The second coming of Sigmund Freud. Discover Magazine. Retrieved from http://discovermagazine.com/2014/april/14-the-second-coming-of-sigmund-freud
Mishna, F., Van Wert, M., & Asakura, K. (2013). The best kept secret in social work: Empirical support for contemporary psychodynamic social work practice. Journal of Social Work Practice, 27(3), 289–303. http://doi.org/10.1080/02650533.2013.818944
Richards, G. (2008). Jung’s social psychological meanings. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 18(2), 108–118. http://doi.org/10.1002/casp.967
Roesler, C. (2013). Evidence for the effectiveness of Jungian psychotherapy: A review of empirical studies. Behavioral Sciences, 3(4), 562–575. Available from: http://www.mdpi.com/2076-328X/3/4/562/htm
Shedler, J. (2010). The efficacy of psychodynamic psychotherapy. American Psychologist, 65(2), 98–109. Available from: http://jonathanshedler.com/PDFs/Shedler%20%282010%29%20Efficacy%20of%20Psychodynamic%20Psychotherapy.pdf
Shedler, J. (2015). Where is the Evidence for “Evidence-Based” Therapy? The Journal of Psychological Therapies in Primary Care, 4(1), 47–59. Available from: http://jonathanshedler.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Shedler-2015-Where-is-the-evidence-for-evidence-based-therapy-R.pdf
Where the power lies in the therapist-client relationship. (2016, January 12). The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/jan/12/where-the-power-lies-in-the-therapist-client-relationship
Whether to pick sides in psychology today. (2016, January 12). The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/jan/12/whether-to-pick-sides-in-psychology-today
Related Bibliographies:
American Psychoanalytic Association:
American Psychoanalytic Association:
CORE Research Bibliography.
Committee on Research Education Bibliography 2015.
British Psychoanalytic Council:
Research and Evidence.
Contemporary Freudian Society:
Effectiveness of Psychoanalytic Psychotherapies.
What Is Jungian Therapy?
Jungian therapy is a form of psychotherapy that originated in the theories of Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung, who found that many of his patients suffered from deeply rooted feelings of gloom and inadequacy. He began to speak about the “divine” inside of people, which he called their “self.” He felt that we had overlooked this divine aspect in psychology.
Jung’s therapy emphasizes helping people find their true selves, and it often uses tools like art and myth to help patients make contact with these deep feelings, thoughts, and beliefs. In addition, Jungian therapy involves getting in touch with the unconscious mind, which he believed plays a large role in shaping people’s thoughts and behavior.
Today, some therapists still use Jungian therapy. It can be helpful for people who are struggling with issues like depression, anxiety, and self-esteem. Because it focuses on the whole person, not just their symptoms, it can be helpful for people who haven’t found success with other therapies.
Jungian Therapy Techniques
Jungian therapy techniques vary but often involve working with dreams, symbols, and mythology. The therapist will help the client explore these concepts and understand the meaning they hold for the individual. This can be a lengthy process, as it can take time to uncover all of the unconscious material influencing a person’s life.
Below is a list of some of the techniques used in Jungian therapy:
- Art. Art can provide a way to access the unconscious and explore images that arise. Through art, we can learn about our self-image and what symbols and themes emerge when concentrating on a particular problem.
- Dream analysis. One of the most important means of achieving insight in the Jungian analysis is through dreams, which often provide material to work with in therapy. As a Jungian client, you might keep a notebook by your bed to record your dreams when you wake up because they usually fade rapidly from memory afterward.
- Active imagination. This technique allows you to imagine yourself in scenes that represent the unconscious material you are working on. In this way, you can explore the material further and understand what it means for you.
- Word association. This is a technique in which you say the first word that pops into your head after hearing another word. This exercise can help reveal the unconscious thoughts and feelings that influence your behavior.
What Jungian Therapy Can Help With
Are you wondering whether Jungian therapy could help you with your particular problem or situation? Jungian therapy tends to be most effective for people interested in self-exploration and personal growth.
If you are dealing with unresolved emotional issues or psychological problems, Jungian therapy may be able to help you address and resolve them. However, it is important to note that Jungian therapy is not a cure-all; it is only one tool that one can use to delve into your psyche and heal what needs healing.
A Jungian therapist will not be able to give you the answers or tell you what to do; instead, they will provide you with an opportunity to discover the root cause of your issues through dreams, fantasies, art, play, and active imagination techniques.
Below is a list of psychological disorders for which Jungian therapy might be used:
Benefits of Jungian Therapy
You may find Jungian therapy advantageous as it provides the opportunity to peel back the layers of the psyche and discover hidden parts of yourself. Once you learn about your subconscious mind, you may feel more in control and able to make positive changes throughout your life by tapping into this deep well of knowledge and inspiration.
Jungian therapy can also provide a safe environment for exploring issues that you may be afraid to talk about with friends and family. As your therapist will not judge you for anything you say, you can explore difficult emotions and memories without fear of repercussion or censure.
Jungian therapy also helps you to build a more meaningful and satisfying life. The theory of the collective subconscious states that we are all connected, and this is something Jungian therapy can help you explore and understand on a deep level. You’ll come to see the big picture as you learn how your role intersects with those of people around you, as well as our planet as a whole.
While Jungian therapy is not a quick-fix solution, the value that you will derive from it means that the time and money you invest in this type of therapy will pay off exponentially.
Effectiveness
A 2013 review study of the effectiveness of Jungian therapy showed significant improvements in the level of symptoms, interpersonal problems, and personality structure. These improvements remained for a period of up to six years. In addition, there was evidence in some studies of improvements after the end of therapy.
Patients also were shown to reduce health care utilization below the average of the general population. Finally, patients were seen to move from a level of severe symptoms to psychological health. On average, patients in the studies attended 90 sessions of therapy.
Things to Consider
Jungian therapy may not be the right choice for everyone. If you aren’t comfortable working with symbolism, metaphors, and the subjective nature of your experiences, this type of therapy may not be a good fit for you.
In addition, it may be difficult to find a Jungian therapist who is right for you. Be sure to do your research and ask around to see if anyone you know has had a positive experience with a Jungian therapist. You may find it difficult to find a therapist who practices this type of therapy, but finding a good match is worth the extra effort.
How to Get Started
If you feel that Jungian therapy would benefit you, your first step is to find a therapist who is qualified to practice it. The International Association for Analytical Psychology (IAAP) is a good place to start looking for a therapist.
If you are already in therapy, ask your therapist if they are familiar with Jungian psychology. If not, they may be able to refer you to a Jungian analyst or psychotherapist.
During the intake session for Jungian therapy, you and your therapist will begin to establish a therapeutic relationship. They may ask you questions about your background and family history and your symptoms or concerns to help them determine what approaches would be most helpful for you.
During the course of Jungian therapy, which typically lasts several years, you’ll meet with your therapist at least once per week. Due to the length of this type of therapy, these appointments can be costly. Be sure that you either have insurance that covers Jungian therapy or can afford the cost.
A Word From Verywell Mind
Jungian therapy is an in-depth type of therapy that can take a long time to achieve its goals. This doesn’t mean it’s not worth pursuing, particularly if you feel as though you want to delve into your subconscious and not just deal with the surface level of your problems.
