The term change agent has been used generally to denote any person, activity, or experience that facilitates change. An alteration in both psychological and behavioral functioning is the expected result of the interplay between individual and organizational competencies, such as knowledge, skills, and awareness. The basis for measuring this change relates to movement along a continuum of Self-System awareness.
Originally, change agent was used to refer to leaders or facilitators of change induction groups, or T-groups (basic skills training groups). Early change induction groups in the early 1900s were utilized by only a few, isolated individuals. The focus of the early T-groups was varied and unstandardized, based on the specific focus of the facilitator’s goal for the population. In the first quarter of the century, no true effort was made to combine the philosophies of groups or group leaders.
World War II proved to be the catalyst for research on change agents. With the need to quickly modify the everyday living practices of people to meet the requirements of military systems, much emphasis was placed on the potential effects of group dynamics. The inefficiency and limited availability of psychiatric and psychological personnel precluded individual efforts of classification and remediation. Consequently, group therapy and the role of change agents became a noteworthy topic, and the notion of efficient psychological and behavioral change still drives most of the individual and group therapy today.
Self-System awareness in psychotherapy may be conceptualized best by Julian B. Rotter’s notion of internal versus external locus of control and how it produces change or motivates individuals to change. As noted earlier, the term change agent may refer to any persons, activities, or experiences. Change produced at the Self (internal locus of control) end of the continuum concerns attitudes, beliefs, and thoughts—all of which are unobservable but often produce the most permanent and stable change. Change seen at the System (external locus of control) end is often quantifiable, or, at least, observable—however, not necessarily linked to authentic or lasting change. Change agents must focus on both behavioral and cognitive aspects when addressing individuals’ intrapersonal/interpersonal functioning.
Mental health clinicians serving as change agents look to enhance individuals’ self-regulation. Rather than place external pressures, forces, or consequences on behavior and affective expression, clinicians seek to assist individuals in satisfying, productive intrapersonal and interpersonal functioning. However, change agents must take precautions to avoid invalidation of the cultural experience of others or assessing the affect, behavior, and cognitions of others without consideration of sociocultural context.
Both the American Psychological Association and the American Counseling Association have addressed the need for facilitating change while considering the sociocultural contexts in their ethics codes. American Psychological Association Ethics Code Principle A concerning Beneficence and Nonmaleficence presumes that, because clinicians’ “scientific and professional judgments and actions may affect the lives of others, they are alert to and guard against personal, financial, social, organizational, or political factors that might lead to misuse of their influence.” Principle E speaks of Respect for People’s Rights and Dignity and expects that clinicians “are aware of and respect cultural, individual, and role differences, including those based on age, gender, gender identity, race, ethnicity, culture, national origin, religion, sexual orientation, disability, language, and socioeconomic status and consider these factors when working with members of such groups.” The American Counseling Association mentions its encouragement of clinicians to “actively attempt to understand the diverse cultural backgrounds of the clients they serve” in the Introduction to Section A: The Counseling Relationship.
Social scientists and clinicians are expected to take the lead in advocating for change in relation to the consideration of these factors in theory, research, and practice. The degree to which multicultural issues receive attention in the future will depend on the willingness and effectiveness of social scientists in modeling the change that is yet to come to fruition in larger society.
References:
- American Counseling Association. (2005). ACA code of ethics. Alexandria, VA: Author.
- American Psychological Association. (2002). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct. American Psychologist, 57, 1060-1073.
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Counselors speak for the least, the lost and the lonely, says American Counseling Association member Bernadine Craft. That advocacy, she believes, should extend beyond office and classroom walls.
Craft has worn many professional “hats,” including former school counselor, licensed professional counselor, volunteer lobbyist, former Wyoming state legislator and ordained Episcopal priest, and she reflects on her innate passion for advocacy and the path to policymaking that started with her involvement in ACA governance.
A counselor takes the stage
Craft’s journey as an advocate began on the stage, so to speak. “I started out as a piano performance major, but I figured out that they didn’t eat so well,” she jokes. So, she switched her undergraduate major to speech and theatre with the intent of getting her teaching certification and continuing on to graduate school.
A chance conversation with the director of one of the plays Craft performed in set her on a course to become a counselor. Knowing that Craft had set her sights on a master’s degree, the director asked her what her area of study would be.
“I have no idea,” Craft told him. And he replied, “I think you should go into psychology. I think you’d make a hell of a counselor — you interact so well with people.”
Although psychology did intrigue her at the time, she wanted to work in a school setting. Craft’s director suggested she take a few classes to see if she liked it. The more Craft thought about it, the more the idea appealed to her. She loved talking — and listening — to people, so she took some psychology courses and ended up loving it. Craft went on to get her master’s in educational psychology and became a school counselor.
Speaking up
While working as a school counselor, Craft became active in ACA at the regional level as chair of the Western Region and president of the Wyoming Counseling Association, where she found her passion for advocacy in the push for counseling licensure. She also served on the Governing Council as president of the Association of Humanistic Counseling. Craft credits her training in speech and theatre as well as her experience on her high school debate team for giving her the confidence to campaign so passionately.
“I wasn’t afraid to speak in front of others,” she says.
Craft decided to continue her education by earning a doctorate in professional psychology. At first, she intended to become a counselor educator, but a severe illness kept her from pursing this career path. Instead, she maintained her private practice and started lobbying for educational issues as a volunteer. In 2004, Craft became the executive director of the Sweetwater Board of Cooperative Educational Services, an educational co-op created between Western Wyoming Community College and Sweetwater County School Districts 1 and 2 to provide educational services not otherwise available to community members.
Working for Wyoming
In 2006, in a move Craft describes as “out of the blue,” a former schoolmate approached her about filling an upcoming vacancy in the Wyoming legislature.
“I responded almost exactly the way I would have responded if someone had said they wanted me to run down the street nude,” Craft says. Although she’d always been interested in current affairs and advocating for issues that she cared about, the thought of running for political office had never occurred to her. Craft’s friends and colleagues urged her to run because they saw something special in her. It took a long time for her to decide, but in the end, Craft realized that if she didn’t do it, she would spend the rest of her life wondering what it would have been like.
“I decided to be the voice of the voiceless,” she says. “Big lobby groups can make their voice heard because they have the money.”
Craft was particularly passionate about women’s rights and the protection of children and animals. During her time in the Wyoming House of Representatives (in 2006) and later as the only woman serving in the Wyoming Senate (from 2013 to 2017), Craft helped sponsor bills such as the 2011 Wyoming Safe Homes Act, which allows people who are experiencing sexual or intimate violence to break their leases without penalty. She also worked to protect survivors of intimate violence and helped make strangulation a felony in Wyoming.
Counselors as natural advocates
Craft ran as a Democrat, but during her ten years as a legislator, she was able to hammer out agreements with her colleagues on both sides of the aisle. She believes that counselors are uniquely qualified to build consensus.
“Counselors are particularly good at listening [and] seeing both sides of issues,” she points out. They’re also good at going beyond binary thinking, or as Craft puts it, “not falling into the pit of black and white-ism.”
“I wish more counselors would consider elected office,” Craft says. People go into counseling because they care about people and want to make life better for them in whatever way they can, so she asks, “Who better to advocate for ‘the average citizen’ than counselors?”
“Granted, not everyone is comfortable running for office,” she acknowledges. “Not everyone is comfortable standing up speaking, but I bet you are comfortable identifying someone who is.”
There are other ways counselors can engage in political advocacy. Craft notes that everything she accomplished was through the help of an “army” of people who sent out emails, made phone calls, knocked on doors and coordinated mailings.
Legislators also need people to research, she says. Craft and a colleague who was a women’s studies professor worked together on legislation involving human trafficking, which is a broad and complex topic, she notes. The colleague’s aides were invaluable when it came to doing background research, Craft recalls.
“If you’re interested and really do want to be an advocate at some level, don’t let anything stop you,” she urges. “What can you do in your hometown? I think you can find a niche at whatever level you’re comfortable with, whether it be local, state or national.”
Craft notes that people often think that if they can’t make a big and splashy effort, they can’t do anything at all. But there are so many things counselors can do that will still move issues forward. Even two hours a week researching or contacting legislators can go a long way, she says.
“Don’t say, ‘I don’t have any time; [I] don’t have any money,’” Craft advises. “Don’t do the big stuff. Do what you can at the level you can.”
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On March 11, Bernadine Craft was a featured speaker for Mapping a Courageous Leadership Journey, a professional development webinar cosponsored by ACA and She Should Run.
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Laurie Meyers is senior writer at Counseling Today. Contact her at [email protected]
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Opinions expressed and statements made in articles appearing on CT Online should not be assumed to represent the opinions of the editors or policies of the American Counseling Association.
